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389 U.S. 477, *; 88 S. Ct. 639, **; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 3026, ***; 19 L. Ed. 2d 716 WIRTZ, SECRETARY OF LABOR v. LOCAL UNION NO. 125, LABORERS'
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF NORTH AMERICA, AFL-CIO No. 58 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 389 U.S. 477; 88 S. Ct. 639; 1968 U.S. LEXIS 3026; 19 L. Ed.
2d 716; 57 Lab. Cas. (CCH) P12,410; 67 L.R.R.M. 2134 November 8-9, 1967, Argued January 15, 1968, Decided PRIOR HISTORY: [***1] CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT. DISPOSITION: 375 F.2d 921, reversed and remanded. CORE TERMS: election, general election, runoff election, protest, runoff, ineligible, per capita, candidates, good standing, judgment of dismissal, unlawful conduct, investigative, unsupervised, eligibility, voter, supervision, directing, Disclosure Act, exhaustion requirement, statutory construction, entitled to maintain, fraudulent practice, enforcement action, action challenging, fair opportunity, summary judgment, public interest, companion case, union member, fair notice SUMMARY: The Secretary of Labor instituted an action against a union in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, challenging the validity of a general election of union officers and the validity of a subsequent runoff election for one office that was required because of a tie vote in the general election. The action was instituted under the provisions of 402 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, authorizing the Secretary, after investigating a complaint as to a union election filed by a union member who had exhausted his internal union remedies, to bring an action for a court order setting aside the election for violation of statutory standards and directing an election under the Secretary's supervision. The District Court dismissed that portion of the complaint which challenged the general election on the ground that there was no allegation that a union member had first complained to the union about such election, the complaint alleging only that a union member had protested to the union concerning the conduct of the runoff election. (231 F Supp 590.) During the pendency of the Secretary's appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, the union conducted its next regular, unsupervised triennial election of officers, and the Court of Appeals thereupon vacated the judgment of dismissal and remanded to the District Court with instructions to dismiss as moot that portion of the complaint concerning the general election. (375 F2d 921.) On certiorari, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed. In an opinion by Brennan, J., expressing the unanimous view of the court, it was held that (1) on the basis of the decision in Wirtz v Local 153, Glass Bottle Blowers Asso., supra, the Court of Appeals erred in directing the dismissal of the complaint dealing with the general election as moot because of the union election that was held during the pendency of the appeal, and (2) the Secretary's cause of action under the statute was not limited solely to the allegations made in the union member's complaint relating only to the runoff election, the Secretary being entitled to maintain the action challenging the earlier general election, since the union had fair notice from the violation charged by the union member in exhausting his union remedies that the same unlawful conduct that occurred at the runoff election also occurred at the general election. Marshall, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. LEXIS HEADNOTES - Classified to U.S. Digest Lawyers' Edition: APPEAL AND ERROR §1662 union election -- action by Secretary of Labor -- mootness -- Headnote: [1] On appeal by the Secretary of Labor from a District Court decision dismissing his action under 402(b) of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (29 USC 482(b)) challenging the validity of a general election of union officers, which dismissal was based on the ground that the complaint as to the general election failed to allege that internal union remedies had been exhausted by a protesting union member as required by the Act, since it was only alleged that a union member had protested to the union concerning the conduct of a runoff election as to one office required by a tie in the general election before filing his complaint as to the runoff election with the Secretary, which runoff election was also challenged by the Secretary, the Court of Appeals errs in directing the dismissal of the complaint dealing with the general election as moot merely because the union had conducted its next regular, unsupervised, triennial election of officers while the Secretary's appeal was pending; although such case might be remanded to the Court of Appeals to decide the merits of the Secretary's appeal, the Supreme Court of the United States, in the interests of judicial economy, will resolve the issue on the merits as to whether the Secretary may challenge the validity of the general election even though the union member has specifically questioned only the runoff election, where the merits of the question had been fully briefed and argued in the Supreme Court and the issue had been the subject of several and conflicting rulings by various lower federal courts. LABOR §13 union election -- action by Secretary of Labor -- Headnote: [2] Under the provisions of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 authorizing the Secretary of Labor, after investigating a complaint as to an election of union officers filed by a union member who has exhausted his internal union remedies, to bring action against the union for a court order setting aside the election for violation of statutory standards and directing an election under the Secretary's supervision (29 USC 482), the Secretary's cause of action is not limited solely to the allegations made in a union member's complaint relating only to a runoff election required because of a tie as to one office in an earlier general election of union officers, and the Secretary is entitled to maintain an action challenging the earlier general election, where the union had fair notice from the violation charged by the union member in exhausting his union remedies that the same unlawful conduct that occurred at the runoff election also occurred at the earlier election, Congress having settled exclusive enforcement jurisdiction on the Secretary, who is granted broad investigative powers to discharge his responsibilities and who has a vital role in protecting the public interest with regard to union elections. LABOR §13 union elections -- Reporting and Disclosure Act -- purpose -- Headnote: [3] Title IV of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (29 USC 481-483), dealing with elections of union officers, is not designed merely to protect the right of a union member to run for a particular union office in a particular election; its special function in furthering the general goals of the Act is to insure free and democratic union elections, the regulations of the union electoral process enacted in the Title having been regarded as necessary protections of the public interest as well as of the rights and interests of union members. LABOR §13 union election -- action by Secretary of Labor -- Headnote: [4] Under the provisions of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 authorizing the Secretary of Labor, after investigating a complaint as to an election of union officers filed by a union member who has exhausted his internal union remedies, to bring action against the union for a court order setting aside the election for violation of statutory standards and directing an election under the Secretary's supervision (29 USC 482), the Secretary's cause of action is not limited by the specifics of the union member's complaint, and the Secretary may include in his complaint at least any statutory violation he has discovered which the union had a fair opportunity to consider and redress in connection with a member's initial complaint, thereby furthering the intertwined objectives of Congress of fostering union self-government by requiring exhaustion of internal union remedies before the Secretary may intervene, and of requiring unions to provide responsible and responsive procedures for investigating and redressing members' election grievances. SYLLABUS: In this companion case to Wirtz v. Local 153, Glass Bottle Blowers Assn., ante, p. 463, the Secretary of Labor sued under § 402 (b) of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act to invalidate a general election held by respondent in 1963 and the runoff election for one office held five weeks later, alleging, in part, violations of § 401 (e) in permitting members not "in good standing" to vote and be candidates in both elections. The Secretary's investigation, following a complaint to him about the runoff election by a member of respondent who had exhausted his internal remedies, revealed that a large number of members ineligible under respondent's constitution were allowed to vote in both the general and runoff elections through the fraudulent practice of a union officer, and that 16 of 27 candidates in the general election were similarly ineligible. Finding that the complaint failed to allege that a member of respondent had "complained internally" about the conduct of the general election and that the member's challenge of the runoff election [***2] could not support the Secretary's challenge of the general election, the District Court dismissed the part of the complaint relating to the general election. During the pendency of the Secretary's appeal, the respondent held its next regular election of officers, whereupon the Court of Appeals vacated the judgment of dismissal and directed the District Court to dismiss as moot the portion of the Secretary's complaint dealing with the 1963 general election. Held: 1. The Secretary is not deprived of his right to challenge the 1963 general election because of the subsequent unsupervised general election. Wirtz v. Local 153, Glass Bottle Blowers Assn., supra, followed. P. 479. 2. On the facts of this case, where respondent had fair notice from the violation charged by the member with respect to the runoff election that the same unlawful conduct probably occurred at the earlier general election, the Secretary is entitled to maintain his action challenging the general election. Pp. 481-485. COUNSEL: Louis F. Claiborne argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Marshall, Acting Assistant Attorney General Eardley, Richard A. Posner, Alan S. Rosenthal, [***3] Robert V. Zener, Charles Donahue, James R. Beaird and Beate Bloch. Mortimer Riemer argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent. J. Albert Woll, Laurence Gold and Thomas E. Harris filed a brief for the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, as amicus curiae, urging affirmance. JUDGES: Warren, Black, Douglas, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White, Fortas; Marshall took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. OPINIONBY: BRENNAN OPINION: [*478] [**639] MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court. [1] This is a companion case to No. 57, Wirtz v. Local 153, Glass Bottle Blowers Assn., [**640] ante, p. 463. Petitioner, the Secretary of Labor, filed the action in the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, under § 402 (b) of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, 29 U. S. C. § 482 (b). His complaint challenged the validity of a general election of union officers conducted by the respondent Local Union on June 8, 1963, and the validity of a runoff election for the single office of Business Representative made necessary by a tie vote for that office at the June 8 election. The [***4] complaint alleged, in part, violations of § 401 (e), 29 U. S. C. § 481 (e), in permitting members not "in good standing" to vote and to run for office on both occasions. However, the only allegation that internal union remedies had been exhausted, as is required by § 402 (a), was in regard to the runoff election of July 13; the complaint stated that the loser in the runoff election, [*479] one Dial, protested and appealed to the General Executive Board of the International Union concerning the conduct of that election and, having received a final denial of his protest by the General Executive Board, filed a timely complaint with the Secretary. The District Court held that the omission in the complaint of an allegation that a member complained internally about the conduct of the June 8 general election was fatal to the Secretary's action addressed to that election and dismissed that part of the complaint. 231 F.Supp. 590. The Secretary appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. During pendency of the appeal, respondent Local conducted its next regular triennial election of officers. The Court of Appeals thereupon vacated the judgment of dismissal [***5] and remanded to the District Court with instructions that the portion of the Secretary's complaint dealing with the June 8 election be dismissed as moot. 375 F.2d 921. n1 We granted certiorari. 387 U.S. 904. In light of our decision today in Wirtz v. Local 153, supra, the action of the Court of Appeals must be reversed; we there held that ". . . the fact that the union has already conducted another unsupervised election does not deprive the Secretary of his right to a court order declaring the challenged election void and directing that a new election be conducted under his supervision." At 475-476. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n1 The order of dismissal in the District Court was entered July 14, 1964. On April 18, 1966, the District Court entered an order granting the Secretary's motion for summary judgment regarding the portion of his complaint directed to the runoff election of July 13, 1963, for the office of Business Representative. The runoff was conducted under the Secretary's supervision on June 11, 1966, the same day the union conducted the unsupervised intervening election. Dial lost the runoff. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [***6] In the circumstances we might remand to the Court of Appeals to decide the merits of the Secretary's appeal. [*480] The issue on the merits is whether the District Court erred in holding that the Secretary in his suit may not challenge the alleged violations affecting the general election of June 8 because Dial specifically challenged only the runoff election of July 13 with respect to the office of Business Representative. The merits of this question have been fully briefed and argued in this Court and the underlying issue of statutory construction has already been the subject of several and conflicting rulings by various federal courts. n2 The interests of judicial economy [**641] are therefore best served if we proceed to resolve this important question now. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n2 Compare Wirtz v. Hotel Employees Union, Local 6, 381 F.2d 500; Wirtz v. Local 9 et al., IUOE, 366 F.2d 911; Wirtz v. Local 174, Musicians, 65 L. R. R. M. 2972; and Wirtz v. Local 450, IUOE, 63 L. R. R. M. 2105, which more or less support the view of the District Court herein, with Wirtz v. Local 406, IUOE, 254 F.Supp. 962; Wirtz v. Local 705, Hotel Employees, 63 L. R. R. M. 2315; and Wirtz v. Local 169, Hod Carriers, 246 F.Supp. 741, which support a broader view. These conflicting views particularly justify our resolution of the question without remanding to the Court of Appeals. In contrast, the issue in No. 57, Wirtz v. Local 153, supra, which we did remand to the Court of Appeals, was whether a standard not questioned by any party was properly applied to the particular facts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [***7] Respondent Local is governed by the Constitution and the Uniform Local Union Constitution of the Laborers' International Union of North America. Under the Uniform Local Union Constitution as it existed during the period relevant here, a member's good standing was lost by failure to pay membership dues within a specified grace period, and the member was automatically suspended without notice and with loss of all membership rights except the right to readmission (but as a new member) upon payment of a fee. The eligibility of voters and candidates in both elections in this case was determined by reference to a report to the International [*481] Union of the names of members for whom a per capita tax had been paid. This report included some 50 to 75 members who were delinquent in the payment of their Local dues and had therefore actually lost good standing under the provisions of the Uniform Local Union Constitution. The cause of this patent disregard of the Local's own constitution was the practice of its Secretary-Treasurer of paying from Local funds the per capita tax of delinquent members selected by him, thus making it appear on the per capita tax report that those members [***8] had met their dues obligations when in fact they had not. n3 The Secretary's investigation disclosed that approximately 50 of the members voting in the June 8 general election and approximately 60 voting in the July 13 runoff election were ineligible to vote; and that 16 of the 27 candidates for office in the general election, including Dial's opponent who ultimately won the runoff, were ineligible for the same reason. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n3 The International Constitution required respondent Local to remit to the International a per capita tax payment of $ 1 per member per month. These payments were to be made only for members who had in fact made current payment of their dues to the Local. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [2] The question is one of statutory construction and must be answered by inference since there is lacking an explicit provision regarding the permissible scope of the Secretary's complaint. On the facts of this case we think the Secretary is entitled to maintain his action challenging the June 8 general election because respondent union had fair notice [***9] from the violation charged by Dial in his protest of the runoff election that the same unlawful conduct probably occurred at the earlier election as well. n4 [*482] We therefore need not consider and intimate no view on the merits of the Secretary's argument that a member's protest triggers a § 402 enforcement action in which the Secretary would be permitted to file suit challenging any violation of § 401 discovered in his investigation of the member's complaint. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n4 See Wirtz v. Local 169, Hod Carriers, supra, n. 2, at 751-753. Although the eligibility of Dial's opponent in the runoff was an issue before the District Court on the Secretary's motion for summary judgment, the judgment was granted on the ground of voter ineligibility; that judgment is not before us. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - We reject the narrow construction adopted by the District Court and supported by respondent limiting the Secretary's complaint solely to the allegations made in the union member's initial complaint. Such a severe restriction [***10] upon the Secretary's powers should not be read into the statute without a clear indication [**642] of congressional intent to that effect. Neither the language of the statute nor its legislative history provides such an indication; indeed, the indications are quite clearly to the contrary. [3] First, it is most improbable that Congress deliberately settled exclusive enforcement jurisdiction on the Secretary and granted him broad investigative powers to discharge his responsibilities, n5 yet intended the shape of the enforcement action to be immutably fixed by the artfulness of a layman's complaint which often must be based on incomplete information. The expertise and resources of the Labor Department were surely meant to have a broader play. n6 Second, so to constrict the Secretary [*483] would be inconsistent with his vital role, which we emphasize today in Wirtz v. Local 153, supra, in protecting the public interest bound up in Title IV. The Act was not designed merely to protect the right of a union member to run for a particular union office in a particular election. Title IV's special function in furthering the general goals of the LMRDA is to insure free and democratic [***11] union elections, the regulations of the union electoral process enacted in the Title having been regarded as necessary protections of the public interest as well as of the rights and interests of union members. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n5 The Secretary's authority under § 601, 29 U. S. C. § 521, both supplements his investigative mandate under § 402 (b) and authorizes inquiry without regard to the filing of a complaint by a union member. But when the Secretary investigates pursuant to § 601 without a member's complaint, his remedy is limited to disclosure of violations discovered. Whether violations of § 401 uncovered by a § 601 investigation may be the predicate of a member's protest to the union and an enforcement proceeding under § 402 if the union denies relief is a question we need not and do not reach in this case. n6 Senator Kennedy's reference to the Secretary as the complaining "union member's lawyer," 104 Cong. Rec. 10947, Leg. Hist. 1093 (Dept. Labor 1964), does not support the District Court's conclusion. The lawyer's function is to use his skills to give shape and substance to his client's often incompletely expressed complaint. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [***12] [4] We can only conclude, therefore, that it would be anomalous to limit the reach of the Secretary's cause of action by the specifics of the union member's complaint. In an analogous context we rejected such a limiting construction of the National Labor Relations Board's authority to fashion unfair labor practice complaints. NLRB v. Fant Milling Co., 360 U.S. 301, 306-309; National Licorice Co. v. NLRB, 309 U.S. 350, 369. n7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n7 The fact that the National Labor Relations Act does not require prior exhaustion of internal union remedies does not destroy the analogy; nothing in our holding today dispenses with the exhaustion requirement of § 402 (a). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Respondent argues, however, that the spirit and letter of the statutory requirement that the member first exhaust his internal union remedies before the Secretary may intervene compels the suggested limitation. It contends that even to allow the Secretary to challenge the earlier election for the same violation established as [***13] having occurred in the runoff election would be inconsistent with Congress' intention to allow unions first opportunity to redress violations of § 401. This argument is not persuasive. [*484] It is true that the exhaustion requirement was regarded by Congress as critical to the statute's objective of fostering union self-government. By channeling members through the internal appellate processes, Congress hoped to accustom members to utilizing the remedies made available within their own organization; at the same time, however, unions were expected to provide responsible and responsive procedures for investigating and redressing members' election grievances. These intertwined objectives are [**643] not disserved but furthered by permitting the Secretary to include in his complaint at least any § 401 violation he has discovered which the union had a fair opportunity to consider and redress in connection with a member's initial complaint. Here the Secretary sought to challenge the June 8 general election, alleging that the same unlawful conduct occurring in the runoff affected the general election held only five weeks before. Dial's complaint had disclosed the fraudulent [***14] practice with respect to the runoff, and he was apparently able to prove at the hearing before the General Executive Board that that practice enabled nine ineligible members to vote in the runoff election; but his protest was denied because he had lost by 19 votes. The Secretary's investigation, however, discovered that a much larger number of ineligible members had been permitted to vote in that runoff election and that the Secretary-Treasurer responsible for the falsification prepared the per capita tax reports used to determine the eligibility of voters and candidates at both elections. Yet in the face of Dial's evidence raising the almost overwhelming probability that the misconduct affecting the runoff election had also occurred at the June 8 election, the union insists that it was under no duty to expand its inquiry beyond the specific challenge to the runoff election made by Dial. Surely this is not the responsible union self-government contemplated by Congress in allowing the [*485] unions great latitude in resolving their own internal controversies. In default of respondent's action on a violation which it had a fair opportunity to consider and resolve in connection [***15] with Dial's protest, the Secretary was entitled to seek relief from the court with respect to the June 8 election. Again, Congress, having given the Secretary a broad investigative power, cannot have intended that his right to relief be defined by a complaining member's ignorance of the law or the facts or by the artlessness of the member's protest. Because the complaint as to the June 8 election was dismissed for deficiency in pleading, the factual allegations have not been tried. We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand to that court with direction to enter a judgment reversing the District Court's judgment of dismissal and directing further proceedings by that court consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. |
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